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Food security is a critical global issue that encompasses the stability, availability, accessibility, and utilization of food supplies. Addressing this challenge requires comprehensive approaches capable of managing the complexity and uncertainty associated with various factors affecting the food supply chain. To enhance problem-solving in this domain, advanced mathematical methods and decision-making techniques must be integrated. The PNIGWHM-DEMATEL method has been developed by combining the Pythagorean Neutrosophic Improved Generalized Weighted Heronian Mean (PNIGWHM) with the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. This method is used to identify the most influential factors contributing to food security challenges. The process consists of four key phases: 1) Expert evaluation, 2) Aggregation of expert opinions using PNIGWHM (proposed method), 3) Data analysis using DEMATEL and 4) Result interpretation. A total of 10 factors are assessed in the evaluation of food security challenges. The findings indicate that agriculture is the most influential factor, whereas the least influential factor is pandemics. To ensure the validity of this method, sensitivity and comparative analyses are conducted.