Virtual Booth

To address Malaysia's rapid EV growth, this study introduces a two-phase optimization-based model for fast-charging infrastructure planning in Shah Alam. First, a maximum flow network reveals that current infrastructure meets only 1.42% of demand. Next, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimizes new station locations and bay allocations under budget constraints. This approach improves demand satisfaction to 52.29%, significantly outperforming traditional demand-based models in coverage, utilization, and cost-efficiency. Ultimately, this framework provides policymakers with a scalable, evidence-based complementary tool to build a resilient and equitable national charging network.